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黃河上游水體中重金屬分布特征及重金屬污染指數(shù)研究

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第 3 6 卷 ,第 9 期 光 譜 學(xué) 與 光 譜 分 析 Vo.l 3 6,No.9,pp3 0 4 7-3 0 5 22 0 1 6 年 9 月 Spectroscopy and Spectral Analysis September,20 1 6Studied on Distribution and Heavy Metal Pollution Index of HeavyMetals in Water from Upper Reaches of the Yellow River,ChinaZUO Hang1 ,3 ,MA Xiao-ling1 ,CHEN Y-i zhen1 ,LIU Ying1 ,2?1.College of Life and Environmental Sciences,Minzu University of China,Beij ing 1 000 8 1,China2.Beij ing Engineering Research Center of Food Environment and Public Health,Minzu University of China,Beij ing 1 000 8 1,China3.China National Environmental Monitoring Center,Beij ing 1 000 1 2,ChinaAbstract In order to understand the spatial distribution and evaluate the pollution degree of heavy metals (As,Cd,Cr,Co,Cu,Mn,Ni,Pb,and Zn)in upper reaches of the Yellow River,surface water samples were collected from 1 2 selected sites during two field surveys in April 20 1 4 (drought season)and October 20 1 4 (normal season).The concentrations of heavy metals were determined using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS)for spatial variation and heavy metal pollution index.The average concentrations of themetals in the drought season and normal season decreased respectively in the order:Cr (1 8.5 6 μg·L-1 )>As(2.9 5 μg·L-1 )>Ni (1.8 7 μg·L-1 )>Mn (1.20 μg·L-1 )>Cu (1.1 2 μg·L-1 )>Zn (0.5 9 μg·L-1 )>Pb (0.08 μg·L-1 )>Cd (0.0 1 μg·L-1 );Mn (5 9 6.8 9 μg·L-1 )>Zn (5 2.4 6 μg·L-1 )>Cu (3 6.2 7 μg·L-1 )>Ni (2 5.11 μg·L-1 )>Cr (2 3.1 9 μg·L-1 )>Pb (1 9.51 μg·L-1 )>As (7.3 0 μg·L-1 )>Cd (0.3 7μg·L-1 ).The results were compared with national and international water quality guidelines,as well as literature values reported for the same river in flood season.To assess the composite influence of all the consideredmetals on the overall quality of the water,heavy metal pollution indices were calculated.The Heavy MetalPollution Index (HPI)of the river calculated for the individual locations showed ranging from 6.4 6 to 11.9 5 indrought season,4.5 3 to 2 1 0.5 3 in normal season,respectively.Both the distribution of metals and HPI of twoseasons revealed obvious seasonal variation.The results showed that the degree of heavy metal contaminantwas not very high and had seasonal variation;both the concentrations of metals and HPIs indicated the pollution level of the normal season was higher than it of the drought season.The results of this paper provided rel-iable experimental data and theoretical basis for the relevant departments to make further policy decision.Keywords Heavy metal;Distribution;Heavy metal pollution indices;The Yellow River中圖分類號:X5 2 文獻標識碼:A DOI:1 0.3 9 6 4/.j issn.1 000-0 5 9 3(20 1 6)0 9-3 047-0 6Received:2 0 15-0 8-04;accepted:2 0 15-1 2-2 0Foundation item:The National Natural Science Foundation of China(2 11 7 7 1 6 3),111 Proj ect B0 8044,First-class University First Class Academic Program of Minzu University of China(YLDX0 1 0 1 3),Coordinate Development of First-Class and First-Class Univers-ity Discipline Construction Funds(1 0 3 0 1-0 15 0 2 00 6 04),The Academic Team Construction Proj ect of Minzu University of Ch-ina(2 0 15MDTD2 5C&amp;amp;1 3C),The Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(2 0 15,Ph.D)Biography:ZUO Hang,(1 9 8 1—),Doctor of College of Life and Environmental Sciences,Minzu University of Chinae-mail:zuohang@cnemc.cn ?Corresponding author e-mail:liuying43 00@1 6 3.comIntroductionHeavy metals become a special group of contaminants ofwater resources and attain high ecological significance becausethey are not removed from water through self-purification,and they can accumulate in reservoirs and enter the foodchain[1].With the rapid development of urbanization and industrialization in many developing countries, heavy metalscontamination in river is one of the maj or quality issues[2].Characterization of the spatial variation of water quality variables can provide an improved understanding of the environmental conditions and help researchers establish priorities forsustainable water management[3].Heavy metal pollution index (HPI)is a method thatrates the aggregate influence of individual heavy metal on theoverall quality of water and is useful in getting a composite influence of all the metals on overall pollution,with reference toparticular metal only.In recent years HPI has been givenmuch attention towards the evaluation of heavy metal pollution in ground and surface waters,which has been used by anumber of researchers globally[4].The Yellow River,the second longest river in China,runs northeastward along the southern boundary of the studyarea,was the most important water source for the area.Thestudy area is a newly developed industrial region located in thewest of China along the upper reaches of the Yellow River,which is rich in mining of Pyrite,Galena,Zinc ore,Copperore,Kaolin Clay and other mineral resources.Over the pasttwo decades,vast economic growth has been achieved in thearea due to the increasing of industrial plants,such as metalmining,mineral processing,metal smelting,chemical and related manufacturing industry,and these may brought metalpollution in the Yellow River.During past 1 0 years,studies were carried out on theconcentration,the fraction and the assessment of heavy metals in sediment of the Yellow River,however,investigationson water contamination of the Yellow River were not popular.Liu[5]had studied on ecological risk assessment from Gansu,Ningxia and Inner Mongolia sections of the Yellow River during flood season in 20 1 2.The main goal of this paper is studies the concentration distribution of As,Cd,Cr,Co,Cu,Mn,Ni,Pb,and Zn during drought season and normal season and reveals the contamination status with the HPI.1 Material and methods1.1 Sampling and analysisSurface water samples were collected in 1 2 sites from upstream to downstream along the Yellow River in Gansu,Ningxia and Inner Mongolia regions during drought season(April 20 1 4)and normal season (October 20 1 4).The sampling points are given in Fig.1.S2,S4,S6,S7,S9 and S1 0were belonged to the national control sections,S1,S3,S5,S8,S11 and S1 2 were set on the sections where branches carried industrial wastewater flowed in the main stream.Surfacewater samples were collected in High Density Polyethylene(HDPE)containers with preconditioned acid washed and filtered through prewashed 0.45 μm Millipore nitrocellulose filters.The initial portion of the filtration was discarded to cleanthe membrane and filter,the following ones were acidified topH<2 using supra pure HNO3 and then stored at 4 ℃ forfurther laboratory analysis.Fig.1 Map of study area,industrial area ofupper reaches of the Yellow RiverS1:Fuhedaqiao;S2:Dongdagou;S3:Xiaheyan;S4:Nangangou;S5:Jinshawan; S6: Lingwudonggou; S7: Pingluohuanghedaqiao;S8:Mahuanggou;S9:Dengkou;S1 0:Zongpaigan;S11:Huaj iangyingzi;S1 2:Lamawan1.2 Determination of metalsAll the water samples were tested at the CNNC Beij ingResearch Institute of Uranium Geology,which was certificated by the China National Accreditation Board for Laboratories,Environment Impact Assessment and Quality Management System.The concentrations of As,Cr,Cd,Cu,Mn,Ni,Pb and Zn in water samples were determined using Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS, ElanDCR-e, PerkinElmer ) according to the methods DZ/T3 048 光譜學(xué)與光譜分析 第 3 6 卷00 6 4.80—1 9 9 3,EPA 747 3 and GB/T 8 5 3 8—2008.1.3 Heavy metal pollution indexHeavy metal pollution index (HPI)is a rating techniquethat provides the composite influence of individual heavy metalon the overall quality of water.Rating system is an arbitraryvalue between 0 and 1,and its selection depends upon the importance of individual quality considerations in a comparativeway,or it can be assessed by making values inversely proportional to the recommended standard for the corresponding parameter[4].The HPI model proposed is given as followed.HPI =∑ni =1W iQi∑ni =1W i(1)Where Qi is the sub index of the ith parameter.W i is the unitweightage of ith parameter and n is the number of parametersconsidered. The critical pollution index of HPI value fordrinking water as given by Prasad and Bose[6]is 1 00.However,a modified scale using three classes has been used in thepresent study after Edet and Offiong[7].The classes havebeen demarcated as low,medium and high for HPI values <15,15~3 0 and >3 0,respectively.The sub index (Qi )of the parameter is calculated byQi = ∑ni =1{Mi(-)I i}(S i - I i)× 1 00 (2)Where Mi is the monitored value of heavy metal of ith parameter,I i is the ideal value of ith parameter,S i is the standardvalue of ith parameter.The sign (-)indicates the numericaldifference of the two values,ignoring the algebraic sign.Tocalculate W i ,the drinking water standards (GB 5 74 9—200 6)and WHO (200 6)were used for As,Cr,Cd,Cu,Mn,Pb,Zn and Ni,respectively.2 Results and Discussion2.1 Distribution of heavy metalsFig.2 shows the distribution of heavy metals of the 1 2sampling sites in two seasons.In the drought season,theconcentrations of heavy metals were ranged over following intervals (μg·L-1 ):Cd:0.00 3~0.02;Pb:0.0 1~0.1 6;Zn:0.1 0~1.24;Cu:0.6 2 ~ 1.88;Mn:0.02 ~ 6.40;Ni:1.00~2.3 6;As:2.1 2~4.2 1;Cr:15.3 0~2 2.3 0;And the min-imum and maximum concentrations (μg·L-1 )of heavy metals in the samples of the normal season were found:Cd:0.02~0.7 8;As:2.6 3 ~ 1 4.5 0;Pb:0.42 ~ 4 6.3 0;Cr:5.6 8 ~55.80;Ni:2.1 7 ~ 6 4.6 0;Cu:3.2 5 ~ 11 0.00;Zn:5.2 2 ~1 3 9.00;Mn:3 1.6 0~1 2 74.00.Fig.2 Distribution of heavy metals of all the 12 sampling sitesin drought season (a)and normal season (b)The Table 1 was generated by comparing measured concentrations of elements with drinking water quality standardscurrently effective in China (GB5 74 9,200 6 ),WHO (200 6 )and US EPA(200 9),also with the China Environmental quality standards for surface water(2002)and water quality criteria in the US EPA(200 6).Table 1 The concentrations of heavy metals from various sources (μg·L-1 )Location As Cd Cr Cu Mn Ni Pb Zn Total ReferenceUpper reaches of Yellow River(drought season)Mean 2.9 5 0.0 1 1 8.5 6 1.1 2 1.2 0 1.8 7 0.0 8 0.5 9 2 6.3 7 Present studySE 0.55 0.004 2.2 0 0.4 7 1.7 5 0.43 0.0 5 0.3 3 3.9 1Upper reaches of Yellow River(normal season)Mean 7.3 0 0.3 7 2 3.1 9 3 6.2 7 5 9 6.8 9 2 5.11 1 9.51 5 2.4 6 7 6 1.1 0 Present studySE 3.8 5 0.2 7 1 7.84 3 8.1 7 43 1.51 2 0.4 9 15.6 2 43.0 3 5 7 0.7 7Upper reaches of Yellow River(flood season)Mean 4.3 8 0.0 3 6 4.42 1.8 5 - 5.3 7 0.11 1.2 8 Liu et a.l ,2 0 1 3第 9 期 光譜學(xué)與光譜分析 3 04 9To Table 1SE 1.40 0.0 2 4.4 5 0.8 5 - 0.7 8 0.11 1.0 2Drinking water quality,WHO 2 00 3 5 0 2 000 1 00 7 0 1 0 3 000 WHO,2 00 6Drinking water quality,China 1 0 5 5 0 1 000 1 00 2 0 1 0 1 000 China,2 00 6Drinking water quality,USEPA 5 0~2 00 5 1 00 1 3 00 5 0 - 15 5 000 USEPA,2 00 9China Environmental GuidelinesClass Ⅰ 5 0 1.0 1 0 1 0 1 00 - 1 0 5 0Class Ⅱ 5 0 5.0 5 0 1 000 - - 1 0 1 000 China,2 00 2Class Ⅲ 5 0 5.0 5 0 1 000 - - 5 0 1 000Class Ⅳ 1 00 5.0 5 0 1 000 - - 5 0 2 000Class Ⅴ 1 00 1 0.0 1 00 1 000 - - 1 00 2 000Freshwater quality criteria for protection of aquatic lifeCMC,acute 3 40 4.3 1 6 1 3 - 4 7 0 6 5 1 2 0 USEPA,2 00 6CCC,chronic 15 0 2.2 11 9 - 5 2 2.5 1 2 0Compared to the drinking water quality guidelines mentioned above, the mean concentration of the metals fordrought season were all under the permissible value.Meanwhile in the normal season,the average concentration of Mn(5 9 6.8 9 μg · L-1 )and Pb (1 9.51 μg · L-1 )were muchhigher than the drinking water standards and the other elemental concentrations were acceptable.Table 2 Level and Function of inland water in ChinaLevel FunctionClass ⅠClean water that can be used as source water andnational reserveClass ⅡFairly clean water that can be used as the first levelreserve of surface water source for drinking,hab-itat for rare valuable species,spawning and feedinggrounds for fishes and shrimpsClass ⅢThe water used for the second level reserve of surface water source for drinking,fisheries and swimmingClass ⅣThe water which can only be used as industrial waterClass Ⅴ The water that used for farming and landscapeInland waters have been divided into five classes (GB3 8 3 8,2002)in China,levels and functions were given in Table 2.Therefore,in drought season,the mean concentrationsof all the metals were under the value given for the Class Ⅰexcept for Cr (1 8.5 6 μg · L-1 )whose value was betweenClass Ⅰ and Ⅲ.In normal season,The level of Cr (2 3.1 9μg·L-1 ),Cu (3 6.2 7 μg· L-1 ),Mn (5 9 6.8 9 μg· L-1 ),Pb (1 9.51 μg· L-1 ),Zn (5 2.4 6 μg· L-1 )was above theClass Ⅰ,and the mean concentration of Mn was almost 6times of the given value.When compared with the priority toxic pollutants,As,Cd,Cr,Cu,Ni,Pb and Zn (listed in US EPA (200 6)waterquality criteria ), the mean concentrations of Cr for thedrought season and Cr,Cu for the normal season were greaterthan the criteria maximum concentrations (CMC)and criter-ion continuous concentration (CCC)values of the US EPAWater Quality Criteria;The values for Pb in the normal season were lower than the US EPAs CMC value and higher thanCCC value.2.2 Seasonal variation of metalsThe concentrations of dissolved metals displayed greatseasonality.In drought season,the mean concentration ofheavy metals decreased in the following order (μg·L-1 ):Cr(1 8.5 6)>As (2.9 5)>Ni (1.8 7)>Mn (1.20)>Cu (1.1 2)>Zn (0.5 9)>Pb (0.08)>Cd (0.0 1).In normal season,theaverage concentration of heavy metals arranged as follows(μg·L-1 ):Mn (5 9 6.8 9)> Zn (5 2.4 6)> Cu (3 6.2 7)> Ni(2 5.11)> Cr (2 3.1 9 )> Pb (1 9.51 )> As (7.3 0 )> Cd(0.3 7).The total concentrations of all the studied elements insurface water had an average of 2 6.3 7 and 7 6 1.1 0 μg·L-1inthe drought season and normal season,respectively.For eachmetal,the concentration in normal season was much higherthan that in drought season.Especially for Mn,Pb and Zn,whose mean concentrations were almost 5 00,200 and 1 00times between the two seasons.A relationship was found when compare the sum concentration of heavy metals with the GDP of the study area at thesame period (Fig.3).The data of sum concentration of heavyFig.3 The relationship of the sum concentrationof metals and GDP3 0 5 0 光譜學(xué)與光譜分析 第 3 6 卷metals for the flood season were obtained from literature[5].In drought season (normally during January to April),therewas a reduction of industrial production because of the coldweather and traditional festival[8].In flood and normal season(from May to October),the concentration of heavy metals increased with the GDP in the reason of intense anthropogenicactivities (agriculture and high degree of mining activities)insummer[9].Fig.4 The HPI value for three seasons2.3 Heavy Metal Pollution IndexHPI is an effective tool to characterize the surface waterpollution because HPI combines several parameters to obtain aparticular value which can be compared with the critical valueto assess the extent of pollution and potability of the water.In order to calculate the HPI of the water,the mean concentration values of As,Cd,Cr,Cu,Mn,Ni,Pb,Zn have beentaken into account.HPIs were calculated and the results forthe drought season and the normal season were depicted inTable 3.Table 3 HPI values for the different locationsin two seasons (μg·L-1 )No LocationDroughtseasonNormalseasonS1 Fuhedaqiao 6.5 8 15.3 4S2 Dongdagou 6.4 6 4 6.0 7S3 Xiaheyan 8.3 2 40.11S4 Nangangou 8.7 0 1 3 5.00S5 Jinshawan 9.0 2 15 7.8 8S6 Lingwudonggou 8.1 2 1 2 9.3 5S7 Pingluohuanghedaqiao 8.7 8 8 7.5 0S8 Mahuanggou 8.3 5 2 1 0.5 3S9 Dengkou 9.4 7 8.7 8S1 0 Zongpaigan 11.9 5 4.5 3S11 Huaj iangyingzi 9.55 1 6 8.7 8S1 2 Lamawan 1 0.0 1 6 9.9 9Average 8.7 8 8 9.4 9The average HPI of three seasons were provided as supplementary Fig.4.Among them,data from Liu[5]obtainedduring the flood season in 20 11 were used for calculating HPIof the flood season.The quality of water in regard to metalsfor the drought season,the flood season and the normal season fell in the low class (HPI < 15 ), the medium class(HPI15~3 0)and the high class (HPI> 3 0),respectively.The Highest HPI value were calculated (8 9.4 9)for the normal season as compared to the other ones,which is the sameconsequence as the distribution of heavy metal concentrationsfound in the water during the three seasons.In the drought season,The HPI value for surface waterof the Yellow River of the 1 2 locations all fell under the lowclass,which suggested that the surface water was not influenced by anthropogenic activity.In the normal season,theHPI of the surface water of the Yellow River calculated forthe individual locations showed great variations.The HPI values ranged from 4.5 3 to 2 1 0.5 3,the lowest HPI was calculated at Zongpaigan,which located between two industrial areas,while the highest was at Mahuanggou,which located onthe downstream of a mineral industry district.Considering theclasses of HPI,7 5% locations fell under the high class (HPI>3 0)which were under the influence of mining and industries.The sampling sites,Nangangou,Jinshawan,Lingwudonggou,Pingluohuanghedaqiao and Mahuanggou,which located in Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, were influencedheavily by leather industry,mining industry and smelting industry,had a very high average HPI value of 1 44.0 5,whichwas even higher than the critical value of 1 00.Especially atlocation of Mahuanggou, the HPI was calculated to be2 1 0.5 3.Besides these,the HPI calculated for sampling sitesof Huaj iangyingzi and Lamawan which located in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region also fell in the high class.Thesetwo locations were under the influence of active lead,zinc andcopper mining,as well as rare earth industry.While the lower HPI value was found in the site of Dengkou and Zongpaigan,this may be because of the Yellow River’s self-purif-ication,as in that district there were not many factories.So it can be inferred that the composite influence of allthe considered metals on the overall quality of the water is alarming owing to the mineralization,mining and industrial activities near some of the locations that can be visualized whileevaluating the HPI for each location.3 ConclusionsConcentrations of As,Cr,Co,Cu,Mn,Ni,Pb and Znin the surface water of the Yellow River demonstrated greatseasonality.The average concentrations of metals increasedfrom drought season to normal season,and the variation trendkept consistent with GDP of the study area.Compared to drinking water guidelines established by第 9 期 光譜學(xué)與光譜分析 3 0 51WHO,China and the US EPA,China Environmental Guidelines and Freshwater quality criteria,the mean concentrationsof most heavy metals were under the permissible values fordrought season.Except for Cr,which the concentration was alittle higher than standard,and for normal season,all theconcentration of metals increased a lot,much greater attentionshould be paid to Mn,Pb and Cu when the concentrationswere beyond the permissible value.The higher contents of metals in the normal season imply more human activities influence.HPI values for drought and normal seasons revealed thatit increased successively from drought season to flood seasonto normal season.In drought season the HPI value fell intolow class in 1 2 sites.In normal season,the HPI ranged from4.5 3 to 2 1 0.5 3 with an average of 8 9.4 9,falling in the highclass.High HPI were observed at the locations near to industries and mining.The results of the present study suggested that the upperreaches of the Yellow River was slightly contaminated byheavy metals,but the HPI values indicated that the water waspolluted during the normal season.In conclusion,as an ecoenvironmentally fragile regions and an economic developingarea,the study area should be given more attention to controlthe emission of heavy metals to sustain the ecological integrity.References[1] Kunwar P S,Amrita M,Nikita B,et al.Chemometr.Intell.Lab.,2 00 7,8 7:1 8 5.[2] Ahmad M K,Islam S,Rahman S,et al.Int.J.Environ.Res.,2 0 1 0,4(2):3 2 1.[3] Kolovos A,Christakos G,Serre M L,et al.Water Resour.Res.,2 00 2,3 8(1 2):1 3 1 8.[4] Mohan S V,Nithila P,Reddy S J.J.Environ.Sci.Health A,1 9 9 6,3 1(2):2 8 3.[5] Liu J J,Liu Y.Spectrosc.Spectr.Anal.,2 0 1 3,3 3(1 2):3 24 9.[6] Prasad B,Bose J M.Environ.Geol.,2 00 1,4 1:1 8 3.[7] Edet A E,Offiong O E,GeoJournal,2 00 2,5 7:2 9 5.[8] Gui W L,Han Z Z.Journal of Quantitative &amp;amp; Technical Economics.2 0 11,2 8(7):7 7.[9] Olias M,Nieto J M,Sarmiento A M,et al.Sci.Total.Environ.2 004,3 3 3:2 6 7.黃河上游水體中重金屬分布特征及重金屬污染指數(shù)研究左 航1 ,3 ,馬小玲1 ,陳藝貞1 ,劉 穎1 ,2?1.中央民族大學(xué)生命與環(huán)境科學(xué)學(xué)院,北京 1 000 8 12.中央民族大學(xué)北京市食品環(huán)境與健康工程技術(shù)研究中心,北京 1 000 8 13.中國環(huán)境監(jiān)測總站,北京 1 000 1 2摘 要 為了研究黃河上游地區(qū)水體中重金屬含量分布特征及評價該區(qū)域重金屬污染水平,分別于 20 1 4 年4 月(枯水期)和 1 0 月(平水期),在 1 2 個采樣點采集了 24 個黃河表層水樣。由電感耦合等離子質(zhì)譜儀 ICPMS 測量水樣中 As,Cd,Cr,Co,Cu,Mn,Ni,Pb 和 Zn 的含量,并確定黃河上游水體中重金屬分布特征和重金屬污染指數(shù)。結(jié)果顯示枯水期重金屬的平均濃度順序是:Cr(1 8.5 6 μg·L-1 )>As(2.9 5 μg·L-1 )>Ni(1.8 7 μg·L-1 )>Mn(1.20 μg·L-1 )>Cu(1.1 2 μg·L-1 )>Zn(0.5 9 μg·L-1 )>Pb(0.08 μg·L-1 )>Cd(0.0 1 μg·L-1 ),平水 期 的 重 金 屬 平 均 濃 度 順 序 是:Mn(5 9 6.8 9 μg · L-1 )> Zn(5 2.4 6 μg · L-1 )> Cu(3 6.2 7 μg·L-1 )>Ni(2 5.11 μg·L-1 )>Cr(2 3.1 9 μg·L-1 )>Pb(1 9.51 μg·L-1 )>As(7.3 0 μg·L-1 )>Cd(0.3 7 μg·L-1 )。將重金屬含量測定結(jié)果與中國和國際水質(zhì)參考值以及同地區(qū)豐水期重金屬含量數(shù)據(jù)進行了比較,結(jié)果顯示 Cr,Mn,Pb 和 Cu 含量高于標準值。同時,用重金屬污染指數(shù)(HPI)評估所有金屬對整個水體的影響,結(jié)果表明各選點枯水期 HPI 值為 6.4 6~11.9 5,平水期 HPI 為 4.5 3 ~2 1 0.5 3。兩個季節(jié)的重金屬分布特征和 HPI 都顯示了明顯的季節(jié)性變化。研究結(jié)果表明黃河研究流域水體重金屬含量及 HPI 均顯示平水期重金屬污染程度較枯水期高,可能與季節(jié)性生產(chǎn)及降水變化有關(guān)。研究結(jié)果可為相關(guān)部門制定環(huán)保政策提供可信的實驗數(shù)據(jù)和理論依據(jù)。關(guān)鍵詞 重金屬;分布;重金屬污染指數(shù);黃河?通訊聯(lián)系人 (收稿日期:20 15-08-04,修訂日期:20 15-1 2-20)3 0 5 2 光譜學(xué)與光譜分析 第 3 6 卷

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